FUNJ SULTANATE OF SINNAR.

Religion The Funj had originally practiced a religious mix of Animism and Christianity. Islam also had an important influence, and in 1523 the Sennar monarchy officially converted to Islam, though many elements of the previous beliefs continued. Expansion & Conflilcts Sennar expanded rapidly at the expense of neighboring states. Its power was extended over the Gezira, the Butana, the Bayuda, and southern Kordofan. This caused immediate tensions with its neighbours. Ethiopia felt it was much threatened but its internal problems prevented intervention. Newly Ottoman Egypt also saw the new state as a threat and invaded in force, but then failed to conquer the area, so the Ottoman forces fortified the border and consolidated their hold on northern Nubia. This border would hold until 1821. Relations with Ethiopia were more strained as both states competed over lowlands between their two states. Eventually the Ethiopians moved their capital to nearby Gondar and secured their influence over these areas. Conflicts with the Shilluk to the south continued, but later the two were forced into an uneasy alliance to combat the growing might of the Dinka. Under Sultan Badi II, Sennar defeated the Kingdom of Taqali to the west and made its ruler (styled Woster or Makk) its vassal. Military Culture The armies of Sennar relied most on heavy cavalry: horsemen drawn from the nobility, armed with long broadswords as the toe stirrups they used did not permit the use of lances. These riders were armoured with chain mail while the horses were covered in thick quilts and copper headgear. A greater mass of troops were infantry carrying swords and armoured. This permanent standing army, the largest in East Africa until the 1810s, was garrisoned in castles and forts throughout the sultanate. Reliance on a standing army meant that the professional armies fielded by Sennar were usually smaller, but highly effective against their less organized rivals. Civil Society The sultanate was heavily divided along geographic and racial/ethnic lines. The society was divided into six racial groups. There was a sharp division between those who were the heirs of the ancient kingdom of Alodia and the rest of Sennar. The Alodians adopted the mantle of the defeated Abdallah Jamma and came to be known as the Abdallab. In the late 16th century they rose in revolt under Ajib the Great. Ajib routed the Kings of Sennar, first making them his vassals and then seizing almost the entire kingdom in 1606. The Sennar monarchy regrouped under Adlan I, defeating Ajib in a pair of decisive battles. Eventually a compromise was reached whereby Ajib and his successors would rule the Sennar province of Dongola with a great deal of autonomy. Trade The capital Sennar, prosperous through trade, hosted representatives from all over the Middle East and Africa. The wealth and power of the sultans had long rested on the control of the economy. All caravans were controlled by the monarch, as was the gold supply that functioned as the state's main currency. In time this power was eroded. Foreign currencies became widely used by merchants breaking the power of the monarch to closely control the economy. The thriving trade created a wealthy class of educated and literate merchants, who read widely about Islam and became much concerned about the lack of orthodoxy in the kingdom. The monarchy of Sennar had long been regarded as semi-divine, in keeping with ancient traditions, but this idea ran strongly counter to Islam. Many festivals and rituals also persisted from earlier days, and a number them involved massive consumption of alcohol. These traditions were also abandoned. Decline Sennar was at its peak at the end of the 16th century, but over the seventeenth it began to decline as the power of the monarchy was eroded. The greatest challenge to the authority of the king was the merchant funded ulema who insisted it was rightfully their duty to mete out justice. In 1762 Badi IV was overthrown in a coup launched by Abu Likayik of the red Hamaj from the northeast of the country. Abu Likayik installed another member of the royal family as his puppet sultan and ruled as regent. This began long conflict between the Funj sultans attempting to reassert their independence and authority and the Hamaj regents attempting to maintain control of the true power of the state. These internal divisions greatly weakened the state and in the late 18th century Mek Adlan II, son of Mek Taifara, took power during a turbulent time at which a Turkish presence was being established in the Funj kingdom. The Turkish ruler, Al-Tahir Agha, married Khadeeja, daughter of Mek Adlan II. This paved the way for the assimilation of the Funj into the Ottoman Empire. In 1821, Ismail bin Muhammad Ali the general and son of the nominally Ottoman khedive of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, led an army into Sennar; he encountered no resistance from the last king, whose realm was promptly absorbed into Ottoman Egypt. The region was subsequently absorbed into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of Sudan on that country's independence in 1956. Rulers of Sennar A king of Sennar, 1821 The rulers of Sennar held the title of Mek (sultan). Their regnal numbers vary from source to source.[11][12] • Amara Dunqas 1503-1533/4 (AH 940) • Nayil 1533/4 (AH 940)-1550/1 (AH 957) • Abd al-Qadir I 1550/1 (AH 957)-1557/8 (AH 965) • Abu Sakikin 1557/8 (AH 965)-1568 • Dakin 1568-1585/6 (AH 994) • Dawra 1585/6 (AH 994)-1587/8 (AH 996) • Tayyib 1587/8 (AH 996)-1591 • Unsa I 1591-1603/4 (AH 1012) • Abd al-Qadir II 1603/4 (AH 1012)-1606 • Adlan I 1606-1611/2 (AH 1020) • Badi I 1611/2 (AH 1020)-1616/7 (AH 1025) • Rabat I 1616/7 (AH 1025)-1644/5 • Badi II 1644/5-1681 • Unsa II 1681–1692 • Badi III 1692–1716 • Unsa III 1719–1720 • Nul 1720–1724 • Badi IV 1724–1762 • Nasir 1762–1769 • Isma'il 1768–1776 • Adlan II 1776–1789 • Awkal 1787–1788 • Tayyib II 1788–1790 • Badi V 1790 • Nawwar 1790–1791 • Badi VI 1791–1798 • Ranfi 1798–1804 • Agban 1804–1805 • Badi VII 1805–1821 Hamaj regents • Abu Likayik – 1769-1775/6 • Badi walad Rajab – 1775/6-1780 • Rajab 1780-1786/7 • Nasir 1786/7-1798 • Idris wad Abu Likayik – 1798–1804 • Adlan wad Abu Likayik – 1804–1805 See also • List of Sunni Muslim dynasties References 1. ^ Ofcansky, Thomas. "The Funj". Sudan: A country study (Helen Chapin Metz, ed.). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (Research completed June 1991). 2. ^ McHugh, Neil (1994). Holymen of the Blue Nile: The Making of an Arab-Islamic Community in the Nilotic Sudan, 1500–1850. Series in Islam and Society in Africa. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8101-1069-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=FJVh-uUNSAkC&pg=PA9. "The spread of Arabic flowed not only from the dispersion of Arabs but from the unification of the Nile by a government, the Funj sultanate, that utilized Arabic as an official means of communication, and from the use of Arabic as a trade language." 3. ^ Trimingham, J. Spencer (1996). "Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, till the 19th century". The Last Great Muslim Empires. History of the Muslim World, 3. Abbreviated and adapted by F. R. C. Bagley (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-55876-112-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=cPlP5Y4of7AC&pg=PA167. "The date when the Funj rulers adopted Islam is not known, but must have been fairly soon after the foundation of Sennār, because they then entered into relations with Muslim groups over a wide area." 4. ^ Welch, Galbraith (1949) (snippet view). North African Prelude: The First Seven Thousand Years. New York: W. Morrow. p. 463. OCLC [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/413248 413248]. http://books.google.com/books?id=RH1yAAAAMAAJ&q=great+council. Retrieved 12 August 2010. "The government was semirepublican; when a king died the great council picked a successor from among the royal children. Then—presumably to keep the peace—they killed all the rest." 5. ^ "فرمان سلطاني إلى محمد علي بتقليده حكم السودان بغير حق التوارث [Sultanic Firman to Muhammad Ali Appointing Him Ruler of the Sudan Without Hereditary Rights]" (in Arabic). Bibliotheca Alexandrina: Memory of Modern Egypt Digital Archive. http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/TxtViewer/TextViewer.aspx?ID=20038&type=Document. Retrieved 12 August 2010. 6. ^ Avakov, Alexander V. (2010). Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics: World Population, GDP, and PPP. New York: Algora Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-87586-750-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=kRZ6Rw5ebLAC&pg=PA18. 7. ^ Anderson, Julie R. (2008). "A Mamluk Coin from Kulubnarti, Sudan" (PDF). British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (10): p. 68. http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Anderson.pdf. Retrieved 12 August 2010. "Much further to the south, the Funj Sultanate based in Sennar (1504/5–1820), did not mint coins and the markets did not normally use coinage as a form of exchange. Foreign coins themselves were commodities and frequently kept for jewellery. Units of items such as gold, grain, iron, cloth and salt had specific values and were used for trade, particularly on a national level." 8. ^ Pinkerton, John (1814). "Poncet's Journey to Abyssinia". A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World. Volume 15. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 71. OCLC [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1397394 1397394]. http://books.google.com/books?id=LiAnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA71. 9. ^ Ogot 1999, p. 91 10. ^ Holt 1975, pp. 40–42 11. ^ MacMichael, H. A. (1922). "Appendix I: The Chronology of the Fung Kings". A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People Who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr. Volume II. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. OCLC [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/264942362 264942362]. http://www.archive.org/stream/ahistoryarabsin00macmgoog#page/n475/mode/1up. 12. ^ Holt, Peter Malcolm (1999). "Genealogical Tables and King-Lists". The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288 / 1504–1871. Islamic History and Civilization, 26. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-90-04-11256-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=nF1hWJQusxIC&pg=PA182. Bibliography • Holt, Peter Malcolm (1975). "Chapter 1: Egypt, the Funj and Darfur". In Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland. The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 4: from c. 1600 to c. 1790. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–57. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=hUg0E8Op6UUC&pg=PA14. • Ogot, B. A., ed. (1999). "Chapter 7: The Sudan, 1500–1800". General History of Africa. Volume V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 89–103. ISBN 978-0-520-06700-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fw-1DOCXUgsC&pg=PA89. • R.S. O'Fahey and J.L Spaulding: Kingdoms of the Sudan Studies of African History Vol. 9, Methuen, London 1974, ISBN 0-416-77450-4 • Arthur E. Robinson, "Some Notes on the Regalia of the Fung Sultans of Sennar", Journal of the Royal African Society, 30 (1931), pp. 361–376

Singa the middle of FUNJ SINNAR state of Funj.

Singa Hominid Skull: The Singa (Sudan) calvaria has been interpreted previously as a terminal Pleistocene modern human fossil, perhaps related to the Bushman of Southern Africa. Here we report new mass-spectrometric U–Th dates for the calcrete deposit enclosing the fossil teeth and the calvaria itself and new electron spin resonance (ESR) dates for associated dental materials. The new data constrain the age of the hominid to at least 133 & 2 ka. Together with the preferred linear uptake (LU) ESR dates, the U–Th data confirm that the intriguing mixture of modern and archaic characteristics in the Singa specimen date from isotope stage 6. Far from being a modern human fossil, it represents a rare example of an archaic African population which may have been ancestral to all modern Homo sapiens. Morphological and genetic evidence suggest that Homo sapiens originated in Africa some200–130 ka ago, but these critically important African populations remain poorly known and dated. A well-preserved hominid fossil from Singa, Sudan, previously supposed to represent a modern specimen (Rightmire, 1984; Clark, 1988) may represent such a population. The Singa fossil was discovered in 1924 by Bond, eroding out of a calcrete deposit in the west bank of the Blue Nile, some 320 km south east of Khartoum. Mammalian fauna and Palaeolithic artefacts collected from the locality and from Abu Hugar, some 15 km to the south yielded extinct, possibly Upper Pleistocene fauna (Bate, 1951). Prior to 1990, a radiocarbon date of ca. 17 ka on a crocodile tooth from Abu Hugar was the only absolute date available. Thus, the Singa hominid was regarded as ‘‘proto-Bushman’’ by Woodward (1938), and since then it has been attributed to modern H. sapiens. However, a have emphasized its archaic morphological and metrical features, and further study has supported Brothwell’s view that the unusual shape of the parietals might be related to pathology (Stringer et al., 1985). Preliminary electron spin resonance (ESR) dates on an associated Equus and bovid tooth from the Singa site (Grün & Stringer, 1991) had suggested an oxygen isotope stage 5–6 age, but these dates remained equivocal due to large discrepancies between early (EU) and linear (LU) uranium uptake models, and the uncertain contemporaneity of the dated teeth and the calvaria. Here we present new mass-spectrometric U–Th dates for the calcrete matrix found adhering to the external surface of the calvaria and enclosing associated mammal teeth. Unlike dental materials (e.g. enamel, dentine) which acquire uranium subsequent to burial, calcretes incorporate uranium into the calcite lattice at the time of deposition, thereby eliminating a major source of uncertainty which hinders U–Th and ESR dating of fossil teeth. Calcrete deposition clearly post-dated the burial of the fossil material and deposition may have continued over a period of time, implying that the U–Th dates reported here are minimum estimates for the age of the Singa hominid. Cemetery 117 at Jebel Sahaba: see attached photo above Cemetery 117 (also Site 117) is an ancient cemetery discovered in 1964 by a team led by Fred Wendorf near the northern border of Sudan. The remains discovered there were determined to be around 13,140 to 14,340 years old. The original project that discovered the cemetery was the UNESCO High Dam Salvage Project. This project was a direct response to the raising of the Aswan Dam which stood to destroy or damage many sites along its path. It is often cited as the oldest known evidence of warfare. The site comprises three cemeteries, two of which are called Jebel Sahaba, one on either side of the Nile river and the third cemetery being called Tushka. 59 bodies were recovered at Cemetery 117, as well as numerous other fragmented remains. There were twenty-four females and nineteen males over nineteen years of age, as well as thirteen children ranging in age from infancy to fifteen years old. Three additional bodies were also discovered, but their age and sex could not be determined due to damage and missing pieces. The skeletons were dated using radiocarbon dating and were found to have been approximately 13,740 years old. Of the people buried in Jebel Sahaba, about forty percent died of violent wounds. Pointed stone projectiles were found in their bodies at places that suggest the bodies had been attacked by spears or arrows. The wounds were located around the sternum, abdomen, back, and skull (through the lower jaw or neck). The lack of bony calluses, a natural result of healing around these types of wounds, indicates that the attacks were most likely fatal. The bodies and any other artifacts recovered by the UNESCO High Dam Salvage Project were recently donated by Fred Wendorf to the British Museum. This collection includes skeletal and fauna remains, lithics, pottery, and environmental samples as well as the full archive of Wendorf's notes, slides, and other material during the dig. North and South: Changing climates and environments Across Africa the Early Holocene wetter phase brought on much more favourable conditions within the Saharan region following its hyperarid phase. Higher rainfall brought high lake levels in Ethiopia and Chad, probably reaching their maximum extent around 8–9000 years ago. Lake Chad itself was greatly enlarged covering a massive area of some c.350,000km2. Within the Middle Nile, high flood levels have been identified along the White Nile (Adamson et al. 1982) with wide areas flooded during the annual floods and extensive swamps and lakes remaining after the flood receded. The clay plains of the Gezira region also saw a number of braided river channels running west of the present course of the Blue Nile (Adamson 1982). Areas susceptible to high and erratic flooding are unlikely to have been attractive to settlement. The northward shift in the monsoon belt and movement of vegetation zones which came in its wake provided the circumstances for a re-colonization of the once arid southern Sahara by populations from the south. The archaeological evidence for this will be explored in the next section. By the mid-Holocene however, conditions were becoming drier with the gradual southward shift in rainfall belts. Within this process there have been many fluctuations and as more well-dated environmental data are being accumulated, more detailed environmental reconstructions are becoming possible. Such environmental changes can also be tracked in the archaeological record. Large suites of radio- carbon dates now allow us to trace changing patterns of occupation in the deserts west of the Nile (Kuper 1989) and their ultimate abandonment. Much work has been concentrated in the western deserts of Egypt and much has been made of the possible consequences of such environmental changes on the Egyptian Lower Nile and ultimately for the ‘origins of the Egyptian civilization’. While often prominent in the literature, what was happening so far north is perhaps of rather peripheral importance to our main area of study. Instead we need to look much further south, to central Sudan. General References: • Arkell. A. J. 1961 The History of the Sudan. From the Earliest Times to 1821 (2nd edn) London: Athlone Press. • Arkell, A. J., Bate, D. M. A., Wells, L. H. & Lacaille, A. D. (1951). Fossil Mammals of Africa Vol. 2, pp. 1–50. London: British Museum Natural History. • Clark, J. D. (1988). The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the beginnings of regional identity. J. World Pre-Hist 2, 235–305. • Wendorf, F. (ed.) (1968) The Prehistory of Nubia. 2 vols, Taos: SMU Press. • Woodward, A. S. (1938). A fossil skull of an ancestral Bushman from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Antiquity 12, 193–195.

Revolution in Sudan.

Bashir attacks West: being accused of violating human rights entrance to colonize new

 "Activist Safia Isaac was forced to leave her country because of security practices"

06-27-2012 01:03 AM

Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir said his country was "committed under the auspices of human rights is not only international conventions but rather a moral obligation and religious rights, which are fixed and confirmed in legislation, law, field applications and customs of the people of Sudan."

And in his refutation of the closing session of the Conference "Human rights between slogans and facts", the West accused his government of violating human rights in Sudan, describing "the allegations that aim to achieve political goals and form a gateway entrances of neo-colonialism."

"We have tried very much to Aosamuna Jura and aggression in the Commission on Human Rights in Geneva, but we beat them Avhmanahm arguments and legal and diplomatic activity." And denounced al-Bashir so-called "double-standard policy pursued by the West towards human rights and Avcaalh issues and ignite wars and aggression," and said that "the West by informing and groups of compressed plant suspicion in the hearts and minds towards Islam doctrine and system of government, and promoting false cases, and defects labeled by Islam that violator of human rights, and forge the facts, and make transient molecules make them the center of the conflict and the conflict of views among Muslims, and attributing to themselves the alleged principles of justice, equality, reform, and they are in fact against all that. "

Bashir asked: "What they call human rights, and they spread arms, and fostered between peoples and nations to fuel the fighting at the expense of a bit of food, medicine and clothing, which lacks most of the peoples and human communities." He reviewed the part of his country's interest to human rights, especially the women and children, and the right of expression and dissent, and freedom of the press, minority rights, the rights of migrant workers, and called on the media to continue its efforts in presenting the facts about the reality of human rights in Sudan.

Union

My coment:-

Bashir stormed Darfur with the JINJAWEED his militarized and committed crimes, we know

that the west is demon colonizer even now in Iraq people dei because the Us politics failed to find the truth and the deed that in Iraq where no Mass Weapon Destruction, and Sadam did not com plotted  against the twin tower. Bashir now will have to choose either his end like Gaddafi or Mobarak ...............................azi

Sudanese Rivoluzionario anteriore: Abbiamo distrutto il campo delle energie Nilo Azzurro

06-25-2012 09:29 AM

Distruzione del campo energie Blue Nile
Forze Fronte Rivoluzionario di Liberazione dell'Esercito del Popolo Sudanese del Sudan - North Blue Nile dalla distruzione della località campo Jiabao energie, circa 30 km dalla città di Damazin la mattina di Sabato 23 Giugno 0,2012 dopo le battaglie che combattono Astmrat feroce per più di 24 ore, consentendo l'Esercito popolare di controllo e. il sequestro del veicolo terrestre Cruiser 2 caricato con mitragliatrici e 1 veicolo x grande per trasportare un numero di soldati ed equipaggiamenti militari di vario tipo.
Lo stesso giorno è stato in grado di forzare oltre dell'Esercito Popolare nelle montagne del Inqasna e alla periferia della strategia benessere della eliminazione di movimento e Dbok - benessere alle dieci del mattino, sono stati uccisi quattro delle milizie, il Congresso Nazionale e il sequestro dei quattro kalashnikov e un gran numero di Alzachaúr e forniture militari, e ora tutte le forze del Fronte Rivoluzionario dell'Esercito del Popolo Sudanese controllato le montagne in Inqasna pronti a muoversi verso Damazin in qualsiasi momento da adesso.
Dedichiamo questa vittoria tutta l'onore delle persone che si spostavano sudanese rivolta e una forte volontà e determinazione contro il regime di oppressione e tirannia di Khartoum e le varie città, e che la vittoria è a portata di mano inevitabilmente per rimuoverlo.
Arno Nicothelo per amichevole
Portavoce del Movimento Popolare per la Liberazione del Sudan
Arnu N. Lodi
SPLM-N portavoce

Statement of the Sudanese Revolutionary Front
06-23-2012 01:27 AM
Statement on the occasion of the Sudan People's Revolution

The revolt was inevitably:

Launched the Revolutionary Front of Sudan appeal configure alliance revolutionary forces dock where all the Sudanese people of different components and tools struggle of peaceful and armed against the Khartoum regime, which was dominated and forced to death by genocide Gaaah and ethnic cleansing and sometimes arrests and gagged and sometimes starvation at other times, and economic policies Kherfa which deprived the Sudanese citizens the right to Conclusion living the tragedy. How can we be silent and hungry children, Sudan and barefoot and naked.

Masses of the Sudanese Revolutionary Front honorable in all states of the Sudan:

In the Sudan Liberation Movement led by Abdel Wahed Mohammed Nur and the Sudan Liberation Movement led by Minni Arko Minawi, justice, equality and the Umma Party, led by Nasreddin Pacific and the DUP, led by El-Tom satire and the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Sudan / North as Ahdnakm always two races in the struggle and sacrifice, eager for freedom and justice, not Tdkhron invaluable for pride and dignity. Invites you to the Sudanese Revolutionary Front that you will be fuel for the revolution and even rip out Tzakon fire idol death, hunger and ignorance of this our beloved country Sudan, in order to live free Labia.

O noble Sudanese people:

Honorable built a national _ young people, students and Sudanese women - the Revolutionary Front calls _ Let us stand and stand as one to Izt policy of divide and rule to religion, tribe, stand for the economy of our country and its resources, which were looted and for the territory, which were sold and occupied and for the human being who flouted his dignity and for the nation is dying and his sons alive
And definite victory

The political sector
Secretariat and the political mobilization
22/6/2012

Sudanese polizia ha disperso i dimostranti

Sudanese polizia ha disperso i dimostranti che protestavano contro le misure di austerità
 Cantando: "Non lo so Non dell'inflazione.." E "il popolo vuole rovesciare il regime"2012/06/21 10:54
Sudanese polizia ha usato manganelli per disperdere i manifestanti hanno bloccato una strada principale nel centro di Khartoum nelle ultime manifestazioni contro le misure di austerità su Giovedi.

Cerco gruppi di studenti che portano le manifestazioni a Khartoum per protestare contro i piani per tagliare la spesa pubblica per alimentare la rabbia dell'opinione pubblica dal rialzo dei prezzi di trasformarsi in un movimento di protesta più ampia rovesciare il presidente al-Bashir.

Sudan soffre di alti prezzi del cibo e il valore in declino della moneta dal momento che la secessione del Sudan meridionale, un anno fa, che rappresentano circa tre quarti della produzione petrolifera del paese di vitale importanza per l'economia del paese. Tuttavia, precedenti manifestazioni non sono riusciti a guadagnare slancio significativo.

Testimoni hanno detto che era il quinto giorno di proteste il Giovedi bloccato circa 150 studenti provenienti da una delle facoltà del traffico commerciale nel centro della città e hanno lanciato pietre contro la polizia, scandendo slogan "No.. Di inflazione" e "il popolo vuole rovesciare il regime."

Hanno detto che le forze di sicurezza si sciolse proteste usando i manganelli. Non sono stati immediatamente chiamare la polizia per un commento.

Un testimone ha detto che nella notte di Mercoledì, la polizia ha usato manganelli per disperdere i membri del partito di opposizione Umma, come hanno lasciato il loro quartier generale.

E ha invitato i principali partiti di opposizione in Sudan per protestare contro le misure di austerità, ma non riuscì a convincere un gran numero di scendere in piazza.

Due settimane fa il Fondo Monetario Internazionale ha invitato il Sudan a prendere misure di emergenza per superare le sfide di ciò che egli chiama "terribile".

Il ministro delle Finanze piani di austerità in dettaglio il Mercoledì, compreso un aumento di alcune imposte e di governo ha tagliato oltre ad una riduzione delle sovvenzioni ai combustibili.

Reuters

Rivoluzione in corso .. riprese presso l'Università di Khartoum

Rivoluzione in corso .. riprese presso l'Università di Khartoum, e 80 feriti.




06-21-2012 02:38 AM
Londra: Imam Muhammad Mustafa, l'imam  Siri

La polizia antisommossa si sono scontrati con gli studenti con i manganelli i manifestanti sudanesi a Khartoum ieri, e hanno gettato lacrimogeni in un quarto giorno di manifestazioni contro il governo del Sudan. Gruppi di studenti e dimostrazioni di piombo a Khartoum contro i piani del governo di aumentare il sostegno del governo per ridurre la spesa del carburante, provocando aumenti dei prezzi nelle materie prime essenziali. Il Sudan ha assistito ad un aumento dei prezzi alimentari e una diminuzione del valore della moneta dal momento che la secessione del Sud Sudan un anno fa, e tagliatela a circa tre quarti della produzione petrolifera del paese, che svolge un ruolo fondamentale nell'economia.

Ha detto che gli attivisti e testimoni detto che la polizia anti-sommossa che trasportano bastoni ieri chiuso una strada principale e inseguito decine di studenti nelle strade circostanti l'Università di Khartoum. Sospeso in aria e l'odore di gas lacrimogeni. I testimoni hanno detto che gli studenti che protestavano cantando applausi «la gente vuole rovesciare il regime» e lanciato pietre contro la polizia.

Presidente sudanese Omar al-Bashir Lunedì detto che il governo abolire gradualmente le sovvenzioni sul carburante, e ridurre il numero dei dipendenti del settore pubblico, e aumentare le tasse sui beni di consumo, banche e le importazioni per soddisfare il deficit di bilancio.

, L'agenzia ha detto che la stampa francese che le autorità hanno rilasciato ieri, attraverso il suo dopo essere stato detenuto presso l'Università di Khartoum. L'agenzia ha detto che il suo corrispondente Simon Martelli, un cittadino britannico, è stato arrestato al momento intorno a mezzogiorno di ieri mentre stava scattando foto e parlare con gli studenti all'università. Ha detto che è stato trattenuto per più di 12 ore senza carica.