Singa the middle of FUNJ SINNAR state of Funj.

Singa Hominid Skull: The Singa (Sudan) calvaria has been interpreted previously as a terminal Pleistocene modern human fossil, perhaps related to the Bushman of Southern Africa. Here we report new mass-spectrometric U–Th dates for the calcrete deposit enclosing the fossil teeth and the calvaria itself and new electron spin resonance (ESR) dates for associated dental materials. The new data constrain the age of the hominid to at least 133 & 2 ka. Together with the preferred linear uptake (LU) ESR dates, the U–Th data confirm that the intriguing mixture of modern and archaic characteristics in the Singa specimen date from isotope stage 6. Far from being a modern human fossil, it represents a rare example of an archaic African population which may have been ancestral to all modern Homo sapiens. Morphological and genetic evidence suggest that Homo sapiens originated in Africa some200–130 ka ago, but these critically important African populations remain poorly known and dated. A well-preserved hominid fossil from Singa, Sudan, previously supposed to represent a modern specimen (Rightmire, 1984; Clark, 1988) may represent such a population. The Singa fossil was discovered in 1924 by Bond, eroding out of a calcrete deposit in the west bank of the Blue Nile, some 320 km south east of Khartoum. Mammalian fauna and Palaeolithic artefacts collected from the locality and from Abu Hugar, some 15 km to the south yielded extinct, possibly Upper Pleistocene fauna (Bate, 1951). Prior to 1990, a radiocarbon date of ca. 17 ka on a crocodile tooth from Abu Hugar was the only absolute date available. Thus, the Singa hominid was regarded as ‘‘proto-Bushman’’ by Woodward (1938), and since then it has been attributed to modern H. sapiens. However, a have emphasized its archaic morphological and metrical features, and further study has supported Brothwell’s view that the unusual shape of the parietals might be related to pathology (Stringer et al., 1985). Preliminary electron spin resonance (ESR) dates on an associated Equus and bovid tooth from the Singa site (Grün & Stringer, 1991) had suggested an oxygen isotope stage 5–6 age, but these dates remained equivocal due to large discrepancies between early (EU) and linear (LU) uranium uptake models, and the uncertain contemporaneity of the dated teeth and the calvaria. Here we present new mass-spectrometric U–Th dates for the calcrete matrix found adhering to the external surface of the calvaria and enclosing associated mammal teeth. Unlike dental materials (e.g. enamel, dentine) which acquire uranium subsequent to burial, calcretes incorporate uranium into the calcite lattice at the time of deposition, thereby eliminating a major source of uncertainty which hinders U–Th and ESR dating of fossil teeth. Calcrete deposition clearly post-dated the burial of the fossil material and deposition may have continued over a period of time, implying that the U–Th dates reported here are minimum estimates for the age of the Singa hominid. Cemetery 117 at Jebel Sahaba: see attached photo above Cemetery 117 (also Site 117) is an ancient cemetery discovered in 1964 by a team led by Fred Wendorf near the northern border of Sudan. The remains discovered there were determined to be around 13,140 to 14,340 years old. The original project that discovered the cemetery was the UNESCO High Dam Salvage Project. This project was a direct response to the raising of the Aswan Dam which stood to destroy or damage many sites along its path. It is often cited as the oldest known evidence of warfare. The site comprises three cemeteries, two of which are called Jebel Sahaba, one on either side of the Nile river and the third cemetery being called Tushka. 59 bodies were recovered at Cemetery 117, as well as numerous other fragmented remains. There were twenty-four females and nineteen males over nineteen years of age, as well as thirteen children ranging in age from infancy to fifteen years old. Three additional bodies were also discovered, but their age and sex could not be determined due to damage and missing pieces. The skeletons were dated using radiocarbon dating and were found to have been approximately 13,740 years old. Of the people buried in Jebel Sahaba, about forty percent died of violent wounds. Pointed stone projectiles were found in their bodies at places that suggest the bodies had been attacked by spears or arrows. The wounds were located around the sternum, abdomen, back, and skull (through the lower jaw or neck). The lack of bony calluses, a natural result of healing around these types of wounds, indicates that the attacks were most likely fatal. The bodies and any other artifacts recovered by the UNESCO High Dam Salvage Project were recently donated by Fred Wendorf to the British Museum. This collection includes skeletal and fauna remains, lithics, pottery, and environmental samples as well as the full archive of Wendorf's notes, slides, and other material during the dig. North and South: Changing climates and environments Across Africa the Early Holocene wetter phase brought on much more favourable conditions within the Saharan region following its hyperarid phase. Higher rainfall brought high lake levels in Ethiopia and Chad, probably reaching their maximum extent around 8–9000 years ago. Lake Chad itself was greatly enlarged covering a massive area of some c.350,000km2. Within the Middle Nile, high flood levels have been identified along the White Nile (Adamson et al. 1982) with wide areas flooded during the annual floods and extensive swamps and lakes remaining after the flood receded. The clay plains of the Gezira region also saw a number of braided river channels running west of the present course of the Blue Nile (Adamson 1982). Areas susceptible to high and erratic flooding are unlikely to have been attractive to settlement. The northward shift in the monsoon belt and movement of vegetation zones which came in its wake provided the circumstances for a re-colonization of the once arid southern Sahara by populations from the south. The archaeological evidence for this will be explored in the next section. By the mid-Holocene however, conditions were becoming drier with the gradual southward shift in rainfall belts. Within this process there have been many fluctuations and as more well-dated environmental data are being accumulated, more detailed environmental reconstructions are becoming possible. Such environmental changes can also be tracked in the archaeological record. Large suites of radio- carbon dates now allow us to trace changing patterns of occupation in the deserts west of the Nile (Kuper 1989) and their ultimate abandonment. Much work has been concentrated in the western deserts of Egypt and much has been made of the possible consequences of such environmental changes on the Egyptian Lower Nile and ultimately for the ‘origins of the Egyptian civilization’. While often prominent in the literature, what was happening so far north is perhaps of rather peripheral importance to our main area of study. Instead we need to look much further south, to central Sudan. General References: • Arkell. A. J. 1961 The History of the Sudan. From the Earliest Times to 1821 (2nd edn) London: Athlone Press. • Arkell, A. J., Bate, D. M. A., Wells, L. H. & Lacaille, A. D. (1951). Fossil Mammals of Africa Vol. 2, pp. 1–50. London: British Museum Natural History. • Clark, J. D. (1988). The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the beginnings of regional identity. J. World Pre-Hist 2, 235–305. • Wendorf, F. (ed.) (1968) The Prehistory of Nubia. 2 vols, Taos: SMU Press. • Woodward, A. S. (1938). A fossil skull of an ancestral Bushman from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Antiquity 12, 193–195.

Revolution in Sudan.

Bashir attacks West: being accused of violating human rights entrance to colonize new

 "Activist Safia Isaac was forced to leave her country because of security practices"

06-27-2012 01:03 AM

Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir said his country was "committed under the auspices of human rights is not only international conventions but rather a moral obligation and religious rights, which are fixed and confirmed in legislation, law, field applications and customs of the people of Sudan."

And in his refutation of the closing session of the Conference "Human rights between slogans and facts", the West accused his government of violating human rights in Sudan, describing "the allegations that aim to achieve political goals and form a gateway entrances of neo-colonialism."

"We have tried very much to Aosamuna Jura and aggression in the Commission on Human Rights in Geneva, but we beat them Avhmanahm arguments and legal and diplomatic activity." And denounced al-Bashir so-called "double-standard policy pursued by the West towards human rights and Avcaalh issues and ignite wars and aggression," and said that "the West by informing and groups of compressed plant suspicion in the hearts and minds towards Islam doctrine and system of government, and promoting false cases, and defects labeled by Islam that violator of human rights, and forge the facts, and make transient molecules make them the center of the conflict and the conflict of views among Muslims, and attributing to themselves the alleged principles of justice, equality, reform, and they are in fact against all that. "

Bashir asked: "What they call human rights, and they spread arms, and fostered between peoples and nations to fuel the fighting at the expense of a bit of food, medicine and clothing, which lacks most of the peoples and human communities." He reviewed the part of his country's interest to human rights, especially the women and children, and the right of expression and dissent, and freedom of the press, minority rights, the rights of migrant workers, and called on the media to continue its efforts in presenting the facts about the reality of human rights in Sudan.

Union

My coment:-

Bashir stormed Darfur with the JINJAWEED his militarized and committed crimes, we know

that the west is demon colonizer even now in Iraq people dei because the Us politics failed to find the truth and the deed that in Iraq where no Mass Weapon Destruction, and Sadam did not com plotted  against the twin tower. Bashir now will have to choose either his end like Gaddafi or Mobarak ...............................azi

Sudanese Rivoluzionario anteriore: Abbiamo distrutto il campo delle energie Nilo Azzurro

06-25-2012 09:29 AM

Distruzione del campo energie Blue Nile
Forze Fronte Rivoluzionario di Liberazione dell'Esercito del Popolo Sudanese del Sudan - North Blue Nile dalla distruzione della località campo Jiabao energie, circa 30 km dalla città di Damazin la mattina di Sabato 23 Giugno 0,2012 dopo le battaglie che combattono Astmrat feroce per più di 24 ore, consentendo l'Esercito popolare di controllo e. il sequestro del veicolo terrestre Cruiser 2 caricato con mitragliatrici e 1 veicolo x grande per trasportare un numero di soldati ed equipaggiamenti militari di vario tipo.
Lo stesso giorno è stato in grado di forzare oltre dell'Esercito Popolare nelle montagne del Inqasna e alla periferia della strategia benessere della eliminazione di movimento e Dbok - benessere alle dieci del mattino, sono stati uccisi quattro delle milizie, il Congresso Nazionale e il sequestro dei quattro kalashnikov e un gran numero di Alzachaúr e forniture militari, e ora tutte le forze del Fronte Rivoluzionario dell'Esercito del Popolo Sudanese controllato le montagne in Inqasna pronti a muoversi verso Damazin in qualsiasi momento da adesso.
Dedichiamo questa vittoria tutta l'onore delle persone che si spostavano sudanese rivolta e una forte volontà e determinazione contro il regime di oppressione e tirannia di Khartoum e le varie città, e che la vittoria è a portata di mano inevitabilmente per rimuoverlo.
Arno Nicothelo per amichevole
Portavoce del Movimento Popolare per la Liberazione del Sudan
Arnu N. Lodi
SPLM-N portavoce

Statement of the Sudanese Revolutionary Front
06-23-2012 01:27 AM
Statement on the occasion of the Sudan People's Revolution

The revolt was inevitably:

Launched the Revolutionary Front of Sudan appeal configure alliance revolutionary forces dock where all the Sudanese people of different components and tools struggle of peaceful and armed against the Khartoum regime, which was dominated and forced to death by genocide Gaaah and ethnic cleansing and sometimes arrests and gagged and sometimes starvation at other times, and economic policies Kherfa which deprived the Sudanese citizens the right to Conclusion living the tragedy. How can we be silent and hungry children, Sudan and barefoot and naked.

Masses of the Sudanese Revolutionary Front honorable in all states of the Sudan:

In the Sudan Liberation Movement led by Abdel Wahed Mohammed Nur and the Sudan Liberation Movement led by Minni Arko Minawi, justice, equality and the Umma Party, led by Nasreddin Pacific and the DUP, led by El-Tom satire and the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Sudan / North as Ahdnakm always two races in the struggle and sacrifice, eager for freedom and justice, not Tdkhron invaluable for pride and dignity. Invites you to the Sudanese Revolutionary Front that you will be fuel for the revolution and even rip out Tzakon fire idol death, hunger and ignorance of this our beloved country Sudan, in order to live free Labia.

O noble Sudanese people:

Honorable built a national _ young people, students and Sudanese women - the Revolutionary Front calls _ Let us stand and stand as one to Izt policy of divide and rule to religion, tribe, stand for the economy of our country and its resources, which were looted and for the territory, which were sold and occupied and for the human being who flouted his dignity and for the nation is dying and his sons alive
And definite victory

The political sector
Secretariat and the political mobilization
22/6/2012

Sudanese polizia ha disperso i dimostranti

Sudanese polizia ha disperso i dimostranti che protestavano contro le misure di austerità
 Cantando: "Non lo so Non dell'inflazione.." E "il popolo vuole rovesciare il regime"2012/06/21 10:54
Sudanese polizia ha usato manganelli per disperdere i manifestanti hanno bloccato una strada principale nel centro di Khartoum nelle ultime manifestazioni contro le misure di austerità su Giovedi.

Cerco gruppi di studenti che portano le manifestazioni a Khartoum per protestare contro i piani per tagliare la spesa pubblica per alimentare la rabbia dell'opinione pubblica dal rialzo dei prezzi di trasformarsi in un movimento di protesta più ampia rovesciare il presidente al-Bashir.

Sudan soffre di alti prezzi del cibo e il valore in declino della moneta dal momento che la secessione del Sudan meridionale, un anno fa, che rappresentano circa tre quarti della produzione petrolifera del paese di vitale importanza per l'economia del paese. Tuttavia, precedenti manifestazioni non sono riusciti a guadagnare slancio significativo.

Testimoni hanno detto che era il quinto giorno di proteste il Giovedi bloccato circa 150 studenti provenienti da una delle facoltà del traffico commerciale nel centro della città e hanno lanciato pietre contro la polizia, scandendo slogan "No.. Di inflazione" e "il popolo vuole rovesciare il regime."

Hanno detto che le forze di sicurezza si sciolse proteste usando i manganelli. Non sono stati immediatamente chiamare la polizia per un commento.

Un testimone ha detto che nella notte di Mercoledì, la polizia ha usato manganelli per disperdere i membri del partito di opposizione Umma, come hanno lasciato il loro quartier generale.

E ha invitato i principali partiti di opposizione in Sudan per protestare contro le misure di austerità, ma non riuscì a convincere un gran numero di scendere in piazza.

Due settimane fa il Fondo Monetario Internazionale ha invitato il Sudan a prendere misure di emergenza per superare le sfide di ciò che egli chiama "terribile".

Il ministro delle Finanze piani di austerità in dettaglio il Mercoledì, compreso un aumento di alcune imposte e di governo ha tagliato oltre ad una riduzione delle sovvenzioni ai combustibili.

Reuters

Rivoluzione in corso .. riprese presso l'Università di Khartoum

Rivoluzione in corso .. riprese presso l'Università di Khartoum, e 80 feriti.




06-21-2012 02:38 AM
Londra: Imam Muhammad Mustafa, l'imam  Siri

La polizia antisommossa si sono scontrati con gli studenti con i manganelli i manifestanti sudanesi a Khartoum ieri, e hanno gettato lacrimogeni in un quarto giorno di manifestazioni contro il governo del Sudan. Gruppi di studenti e dimostrazioni di piombo a Khartoum contro i piani del governo di aumentare il sostegno del governo per ridurre la spesa del carburante, provocando aumenti dei prezzi nelle materie prime essenziali. Il Sudan ha assistito ad un aumento dei prezzi alimentari e una diminuzione del valore della moneta dal momento che la secessione del Sud Sudan un anno fa, e tagliatela a circa tre quarti della produzione petrolifera del paese, che svolge un ruolo fondamentale nell'economia.

Ha detto che gli attivisti e testimoni detto che la polizia anti-sommossa che trasportano bastoni ieri chiuso una strada principale e inseguito decine di studenti nelle strade circostanti l'Università di Khartoum. Sospeso in aria e l'odore di gas lacrimogeni. I testimoni hanno detto che gli studenti che protestavano cantando applausi «la gente vuole rovesciare il regime» e lanciato pietre contro la polizia.

Presidente sudanese Omar al-Bashir Lunedì detto che il governo abolire gradualmente le sovvenzioni sul carburante, e ridurre il numero dei dipendenti del settore pubblico, e aumentare le tasse sui beni di consumo, banche e le importazioni per soddisfare il deficit di bilancio.

, L'agenzia ha detto che la stampa francese che le autorità hanno rilasciato ieri, attraverso il suo dopo essere stato detenuto presso l'Università di Khartoum. L'agenzia ha detto che il suo corrispondente Simon Martelli, un cittadino britannico, è stato arrestato al momento intorno a mezzogiorno di ieri mentre stava scattando foto e parlare con gli studenti all'università. Ha detto che è stato trattenuto per più di 12 ore senza carica.

Security apparatus of Bashir party arrested activist Ahmad Sayed Najla

News Regional News Security apparatus of Bashir party arrested activist Ahmad Sayed Najla .. Is this address the plight of Sudan's political and economic? «Voice talking about one of the times Mrs. Najla torture devices from the party secretary-Bashir» 06-20-2012 09:31 AM Continuation of the campaign and the fierce confusion that hits the party system, the security devices Party Bashir arrest Ms. Najla Syed Ahmed from her home this morning and escorted to an unknown location.